Matter+and+the+Periodic+Table

= Matter and the Periodic Table = = Editor: Jessen Foster = ==Matter is defined as something that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses. Like chemistry being the base science, matter is the base for everything. Everything in our universe is made of matter, whether it be the pens we use in school or the keyboard I am typing on right now.==

Periodic Table:
=GROUP 1 =

//Describing Matter //

 * Properties used to describe matter can be classified as intensive or extensive
 * Mass- a measure of the amount of matter the object contains
 * Volume- a measure of the space occupied by the object
 * Mass and volume are examples of extensive properties
 * Extensive property- a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
 * Hardness is an example of an intensive property
 * Intensive property- a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter

//Identifying Substances //

 * Substance- matter that has a uniform and definite composition[[image:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CGh9w4SRK24/S7YW41SBgbI/AAAAAAAAAJE/jX1JMHEw96I/s1600/copper+kettle.jpg align="right"]]
 * Gold and copper are examples of substances (also known as pure substances)
 * Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition
 * Hardness, color, conductivity, and malleability are examples of physical properties
 * Physical property- a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition
 * Physical properties can help chemists identify substances

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Water, a common substance, exists in three different ways //

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[[image:http://wiki.one-school.net/images/thumb/9/92/SolidState.png/200px-SolidState.png align="right"]]The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Solid- a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The particles in a solid are packed tightly together, often in an orderly arrangement
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Solids are almost incompressible (it is difficult to squeeze a solid into a smaller volume)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Solids expand only slightly when heated
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The particles in liquid are in close contact with one another, but the arrangement of particles in a l[[image:http://wiki.one-school.net/images/thumb/a/a2/LiquidState.png/200px-LiquidState.png align="right"]]iquid is not rigid or orderly
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A liquid takes the shape of its container
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Liquid- a form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, yet has a fixed volume
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Liquids are almost incompressible, but they tend to expand slightly when heated
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A gas takes the shape of its container; it can expand to fill any volume[[image:http://wiki.one-school.net/images/thumb/e/e9/GaseousState.png/200px-GaseousState.png align="right"]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gas- a form of matter that takes both the shape and the volume of the container
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The particles in gas are usually much farther apart than the particles in a liquid
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gases are easily compressed into a smaller volume
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">“Gas”- used for substances that exist in the gaseous state at room temperature
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Vapor- describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or a solid at room temperature (water vapor)

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Physical Changes //

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Melting is an example of a physical change
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Physical change- come properties of the material change, but the composition of the material does not change
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Boil, freeze, melt, condense [[image:http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/matter_intro_2_240.gif align="right"]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Break, split, grind, cut, crush
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Each set describes a different type of physical change
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Melting is an example of a reversible physical change
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">All physical changes that involve a change from one state to another are reversible
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking an egg are examples or irreversible physical change

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Mixtures (Pages 44 - 47)
//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Classifying Mixtures // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Mixture – A physical blend of two or more components <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Most samples of matter are mixtures, some are easier to recognize than others ex: Mixture of ingredients in chicken soup is easy, mixture of <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">gasses in air is difficult. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Based on the distribution of their components, mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous mixtures or as homogeneous mixtures <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Heterogeneous Mixtures – A mixture in which the composition is not <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">uniform throughout. Ex. Chicken Soup <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Homogeneous Mixtures – A mixture in which the composition is uniform <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">throughout. Ex: Air, olive oil, vinegar <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. Also called a solution (mostly liquids) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. Phase – a term used to describe any part of a sample with uniform <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">composition and properties, heterogeneous has many phases, homogeneous has one phase

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Separating Mixtures //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Example problem – Separating a mixture of aluminum nails and iron nails: <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Aluminum Iron <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Metal Metal <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gray color Gray color <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Doesn’t dissolve <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">In water <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Not attracted to <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Attracted to metal <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Magnet <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Solution: Magnet**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Separating can be accomplished through many different methods **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Filtration - The process that separates a solid from the liquid **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Distillation – The process to separate homogeneous mixtures which involves **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">boiling liquid, collecting vapor, and condensing it into a separate liquid **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Distinguishing Elements and Compounds //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-two types of substances-elements, compounds


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-an element is the simplest form of matter with a unique set of properties **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-a compound is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Breaking Down Compounds //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-physical methods cannot break down compounds


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-chemical change is a change that produces matter with a different composition than the origional **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-example- heating water, which is a physical method, doesn't break down water. On the other hand, an electric current will. When an electric current goes through water, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, two elements, are released. **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Properties of Compounds //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-properties of compounds are quite different from those of their component elements


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-for example, Sodium is a soft, gray metal, while Chlorine is a pale-yellow-green poisonous gas. Meanwhile, Sodium-chloride, salt, is a white solid **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- By using general characteristics, you can distinguish substances from mixtures.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- If the composition of a material is fixed, it is a substance. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- If the composition of a material may vary, it is a mixture. **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Symbols and Formulas //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Chemists use chemical symbols to represent elements


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Chemical formulas are used to represent compounds **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Symbols used today are based on a system developed by Jons Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Each element is represented by a one or two letter chemical symbol **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- First letter is always capitalized, second letter is always lowercase. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Subscripts in chemical formulas, such as H2O, are used to indicate the relative proportions of the elements in the compound **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-The subscript 2 in H2O indicates that there are two parts of hydrogen for each part of oxygen in water. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Because a compound has a fixed composition, the formula for a compound is always the same. **

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Practice!
Problems:


 * 1. A clear liquid in an open container is allowed to evaporate. After three days, a solid is left in the container. Was the liquid an element, compound or mixture? Why? **
 * 2. Liquid A and Liquid B are clear liquids. They are placed in open containers and allowed to evaporate. When evaporation is complete, there is a white solid in container B, but no solid in container A. From these results, what can you infer about the two liquids? **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Worksheets: **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1.[|http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8fJ6zLiwuhMJ:staff.fcps.net/jswango/unit1/chap1/matter%] [|2520packet.pdf+elements+compounds+mixtures+worksheets&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjWH6FSh8f-s01mXgcKOWbKRKgrA2ngB2XJdeZP2tGpREMToOUMc2Qlk_8CxJjBV-mS-qjrQzpeo1_DNV6hvchgBCtQDxzNVbDXxE8ONUTY6sl-Qp1kGsQHRCl9DLDkAcyt4kzl&sig=AHIEtbThTFoAsydDsnMm0PyQMiDYpaVO6w] **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. [] **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Quizzes: **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[] **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[] **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chemical Changes //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿Chemical Property: ﻿The ability of a substance to undergo a specific Chemical Change.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: Iron is able to combine with oxygen to form rust, so the ability to rust is a chemical property of iron. **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: A magnet being used to separate iron from sulfur is a physical change because the iron and the sulfur stay the same, they are just not physically blended anymore.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Words such as burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, and corrode usually signify a chemical change.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">During a Physical Change, the composition of matter never change (the substances present before the change are the same substances present after the change).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">During a Chemical Change, The composition of matter always changes.


 * Example: If a mixture of iron and sulfur is heated, a chemical change occurs because the iron and the sulfur react to form iron sulfide (FeS)**.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: In the reaction of iron and sulfur, iron and sulfur are reactants and iron sulfide is the product.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A Chemical Change is also called a Chemical Reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">During a Chemical Reaction, one or more substances change into one or more new substances.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A Reactant is a substance present at the start of the reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A Product is a substance produced in the reaction.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: Energy in the form of natural gas is used to cook food. When methane from natural gas combines with oxygen in the air, energy is given off in the form of heat and light, some of which is absorbed by the food cooking over the burner. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: Soap Scum forming on bathtubs and sinks is a precipitate <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: Transfer of energy, a clue to a chemical change, also occurs in a change in matter from one state to another, which is a physical change.
 * //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Recognizing Chemical Changes // **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">There are four main clues that indicate Chemical Change.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Possible clues to Chemical Change include a transfer or energy, a change in color, the production of a gas, or the formation of a precipitate.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Every Chemical Change involves a transfer of energy.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A Precipitate is a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">If a clue to a chemical change is observed, it is still not certain that a chemical change has taken place; the clue may be the result of a physical change.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The only way to be sure that a chemical change has occurred is to test the composition of a sample before and after a change.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: When wood is burned, a sizable amount of matter is reduced to a small pile of ashes. However, two of the products of burning wood, carbon dioxide and water vapor, are released into the air, and when the mass of these gases is measured, the amount of matter before and after the experiment is unchanged. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: 10g of ice melts to 10g of liquid which boils to 10g of gas.
 * //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">Conservation of Mass //**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">During any Chemical Reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The amount of matter is unchanged during a chemical reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mass also holds constant in a Physical Change.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in any Physical Change or Chemical Reaction, mass is conserved.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mass is neither created nor destroyed.

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=<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">GROUP 2 = =<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">co-editor: Lindsey Chou = =<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Emily Stewart, Hannah Kumlin, Shannon Leavey, Nikki Sheehan =

Searching For an Organizing Principle (p 155)
Emily Stewart

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">By the year 1700, only 13 elements had been identified, but chemists suspected that more existed. As scientific methods were used and more elements were discovered, it became necessary to organize the elements in some way. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Chemists used the properties of elements to sort them into groups. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- In 1829, J.W. Dobereiner published a classification system. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- elements grouped into triads - set of 3 elements with similar properties **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- example: they react easily with metals **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- not all elements could be grouped into triads, and this system turned out not to be very useful **

Emily Stewart
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Many different systems were proposed from 1829-1869, but none of them gained wide acceptance. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dmitri Mendeleev published a table of the elements in 1869. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lothar Meyer published a very similar table later that year. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mendeleev got more credit - he published it first & did a better job explaining its usefulness **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mendeleev’s table: **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- shows relationships among more than 60 elements **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- shows elements in order of increasing atomic mass **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- has question marks to show where undiscovered elements might fit in **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- sure enough, newly discovered elements matched his predictions **

Hannah Kumlin
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Mendeleev continued to sort the elements by their increasing atomic masses, but he soon encountered a problem.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- The atomic mass of iodine (I) is 126.90 and the atomic mass of tellurium (Te) is 127.60, but based on its chemical properties, iodine belongs in a group with bromine and chlorine. So, Mendeleev had to break his rule and placed tellurium before iodine in his periodic table. He believed that he miscalculated their atomic masses, however they were correct. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- A similar problem occurred with other pairs of elements. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- Mendeleev discovered that the problem was not with the atomic masses, but with using atomic masses to organize the periodic table. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">*Mendeleev developed his table before scientists knew about the structure of atoms in elements. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-In 1913, Henry Moseley, a British physicist, determined an atomic number for each element. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">*An element's atomic number is the number of protons the element contains in it's nucleus. **

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Here's today's version of a periodic table: //
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 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">OR click HERE! for another picture and more information on the elements of the periodic table. **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-There are seven rows/periods in the table. **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-There are more elements in higher numbered periods because there are more orbitals in higher energy levels. (See Chapter 5, pg. 131 for more information on atomic orbitals) **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-The elements within a column, or group, in the periodic table have similar properties. The properties of elements within a period change as you move left to right, however, the pattern of properties within a period repeats as you move from one period to the next. **

===<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-This pattern gives rise to the Periodic Law: When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties. ===

Lindsey Chou Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids (158-160) <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Scientists need to agree on the standards they use in order to have clear communication <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) sets chemistry standards, like the labeling of the groups in the periodic table <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The elements of the periodic table can be grouped based on their properties <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The three classes of elements are ** metals **, ** nonmetals ** and ** metalloids **

//<span style="color: #299f6f; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Metals //
<span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">About 80% of elements are metals <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metals are good conductors of heat and electrical currents <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All except mercury are solids at room temperature (21 ) <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Many metals are ductile (can be made into wires) and/or malleable (can be made thin without breaking) <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Shown in the green section of this periodic table

//<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Nonmetals //
<span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Listed in the upper right corner of the periodic table (orange section of this periodic table) <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Not metals, so they often have the opposite properties of a metal – such as poor heat conduction (carbon is the exception) <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Most are gases at room temperature, although some are solids are liquids as well

//<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Metalloids //
<span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Properties of metalloids are similar to the properties of metals and nonmetals <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Depending on the situation, a metalloid may behave like either a metal or nonmetal <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ø <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Example: Silicon is a poor conductor (like a nonmetal) in its pure form, but with a small amount of boron it is a very good conductor (like a metal) <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Shown in the blue section of this periodic table



//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Squares in the Periodic Table //
> Element symbol > Element name > Average atomic mass
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The periodic table displays the symbols and names of the elements, along with information about the stucture of their atoms
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[[image:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/gcsechem_71.gif]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Atomic number

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//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS IN GROUPS //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿-elements can be sorted into noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configurations


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Noble gases **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Example: helium **


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-noble gases are the elements in group 8A of the periodic table **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-also called inert gases because they rarely take part in a reaction **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿﻿electron configurations for first four noble gases: **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Helium (He) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1s2 ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Neon (Ne) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1s22s22p6 ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Argon (Ar) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1s22s22p63s23p6 ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Krypton (Kr) || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 ||

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Representative Elements //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-elements in the portion of the periodic table containing groups 1A through 7A <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-they are known as representative elements because they display a wide range of physical and chemical properties <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-some are metals, some are non-metals, some are metalloids <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-most are solids, few are gases, one is a liquid <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-for any representative element, its group number equals the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Transition Elements //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-elements in the B groups which provide a connection between the two sets of representative elements <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-examples of transition metals-copper, silver, gold, iron <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-in the atoms of a transition metal, the highest occupied S sublevel and a nearby D sublevel contain electrons <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-these elements are characterized by the presence of electrons in D orbitals <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-in the atoms of an inner transition metal, the highest occupied S sublevel and nearby F sublevel generally contain electrons <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-these elements are characterized by F orbitals contain electrons <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-inner transition metals used to be known as rare-earth elements (misleading because some I.T metals are more abundant than other elements)

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Blocks of Elements //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-periodic table is divided into sections, or blocks <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-these correspond to the highest occupied sublevels <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-S block contains elements in groups 1A and 2A and the noble gas helium <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-P block contains elements in groups 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A (with the exception of helium) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-D block contains transition metals <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-F block contains inner transition metals <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-each period on the periodic table corresponds to a principal energy level

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> ==

==

=<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">GROUP 3 =

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Atomic Size: //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-one half of the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-measured in picometers

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">//Group Trends in Atomic Size//:
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-as the atomic number increases within a group, the charge of the nucleus increases/number of occupied energy levels increases <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-variables affect atomic size in opposite ways <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-increase in positive charge pulls electrons closer to nucleus <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-increase in occupied orbitals shields electrons in the highest energy level from the attractions of protons to the nucleus <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-shielding affect is bigger than the effect of the increase in nuclear charge <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-in general, atomic size increases from top to bottom within a group

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Periodic Trends in Atomic Size: //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-across a period, electrons are added to the same principal energy level <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-shielding affect is constant for all elements in a period <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-increasing nuclear charge pulls electrons in the highest energy level closer to the nucleus <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-in general, atomic size decreases from left to right across a period

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ions: //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-positive and negative ions form when electrons are transferred between atoms <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-an ion with a positive charge is called a cation (+) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-a positive charge happens when there are more positively charged protons than negatively charged electrons <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-an ion with a negative charge is called an anion (-) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-a negative charge happens when there are more negatively charged electrons than positively charged protons

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-Atomic size increases from right to left and increases from top to bottom. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[]

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ionization Energy //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-measured in a gaseous state <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-1st ionization energy= energy required to remove the first electron <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-tends to decrease from top to bottom within a group and increase from left to right across a period <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-the cation produced has a 1+ charge <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-2nd ionization energy=the energy required to remove an electron from an ion with a 1+ charge <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-produces an ion with a 1+ charge <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-3rd ionization energy=energy required to remove an electron from an ion with a 2+ charge <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-produces an ion with a 3+ charge <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-Ionization energy can help you predict what ions elements will form.

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">Group trends in Ionization Energy: //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-As the atomic size increases as the atomic number increases within a group <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-As the size of the atom increases, nuclear charge has a smaller effect on the electrons in the highest occupied energy level. So less energy is required to remove an electron from this energy level= 1st ionization energy is lower.

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy: //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-1st ionization energy of representative elements tends to increase from left to right across a period. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-this is because the nuclear charge increases but the “shielding effect” remains constant. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-it takes more energy to remove an electron from an atom

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">Trends in Ionic Size: //
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-in reactions between metals and nonmetals: metals lose electrons and nonmetals gain them. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they form. Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they form. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-representative metals lose their outermost electrons during ionization. So ion has one fewer occupied energy level. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">-the trend is opposite for nonmetals.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This graph represents first ionization energy versus atomic number. In the periodic table, ionization energy generally increase from left to right and decrease from top to bottom. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[]

By: Chris Kelly

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Electronegativity is the ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Electronegativity is also a property used to predict the type of bond that will form during a reaction.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ionization energy is used to calculate values for electronegativity
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Noble gases are omitted from electronegativity values because they do not form many compounds.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the units are called Paulings
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Linus Pauling was the first to define electronegativity
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">He won Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on chemical bonds
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Generally, values for electronegativity decrease form top to bottom in a group
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Representative elements increase left to right in a period
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Metals at the far left have low values
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nonmetals at the far right have high values
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The least electronegative element is cesium (0.7)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The most electronegative element is fluorine (4.0)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The trends that exist among atomic size, ionization energy, ionic size, and electonegativity can be explained by variations in atomic structure.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This chart states the eletronegativity of the elements in the periodic table. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Formating and pictures done by: Elena Conroy